La Cruz Roja Británica al auxilio de refugiados húngaros en 1956 / The British Red Cross to the aid of Hungarian refugees in 1956

Tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Hungría cayó bajo la esfera de la influencia rusa. Durante la represión del levantamiento que tuvo lugar en Hungría en octubre de 1956, más de 200.000 húngaros huyeron como refugiados a otros países, entre ellos, Inglaterra. La Cruz Roja dispuso el bienestar de 7.500 refugiados húngaros en su llegada al país. Este trabajo dará a conocer algunos de los cuidados que realizó esta institución, concretamente, en la provincia de Hampshire. Para ello, se consultan fuentes documentales primarias de los Archivos Históricos de Winchester y la Universidad de Southampton (AU)

Per aspera ad astra: Life and work of the persecuted Jewish oral pathologist Joseph Weinmann (1896-1960).

Given his seminal scientific oeuvre, Joseph P. Weinmann (1896-1960) is considered a pioneer of oral pathology. He also paved the way for generations of scientists and physicians with the standard work "Bone and Bones", his textbook on oral pathology and histology, and the "Oral Pathology Program" at the University of Illinois. Far less well known is the fact that Weinmann, as a Jew, was disenfranchised by the Nazis in Vienna in 1938. Against this background, this study aims to shed light on the circumstances of Weinmann's persecution and subsequent forced emigration, as well as the further development of his career in the United States. This includes the question of which factors were decisive for Weinmann's scientific breakthrough in Chicago. The analysis draws on a variety of archival sources and contemporary printed writings. What at first glance looks like the impressive curriculum vitae of a successful scientist turns out to be a story of loss, violence, and a difficult new beginning. Joseph Weinmann first had to overcome several setbacks - disenfranchisement and expropriation by the National Socialists, a brief imprisonment before his planned escape from Vienna, and a failed immigration attempt in Great Britain - before he succeeded in an international career in the USA, which brought him, among other things, a chair and the presidency of the "American Academy of Oral Pathology". From the results, it can be concluded that Weinmann's success was not due to one specific reason, but based on many mutually beneficial factors (personal relationships, scientific prominence, favorable research environment, fortitude, adaptability, highly sought-after professional specialization).

Landscape genetics and the genetic legacy of Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in the modern Caucasus.

This study clarifies the role of refugia and landscape permeability in the formation of the current genetic structure of peoples of the Caucasus. We report novel genome-wide data for modern individuals from the Caucasus, and analyze them together with available Paleolithic and Mesolithic individuals from Eurasia and Africa in order (1) to link the current and ancient genetic structures via landscape permeability, and (2) thus to identify movement paths between the ancient refugial populations and the Caucasus. The ancient genetic ancestry is best explained by landscape permeability implying that human movement is impeded by terrain ruggedness, swamps, glaciers and desert. Major refugial source populations for the modern Caucasus are those of the Caucasus, Anatolia, the Balkans and Siberia. In Rugged areas new genetic signatures take a long time to form, but once they do so, they remain for a long time. These areas act as time capsules harboring genetic signatures of ancient source populations and making it possible to help reconstruct human history based on patterns of variation today.

Fighting Prejudice and Absorbing Refugees From Nazism: The National Committee for the Resettlement of Foreign Physicians, 1939-1945.

In the 1930s and 1940s, the medical profession reacted with hostility and erected formidable barriers to refugee physicians from Nazi-dominated Europe who sought to practice medicine in the United States. Yet, refugee physicians ultimately succeeded, with 77% of them working as doctors by 1945 and 98.6% by 1947. Although physician skills are readily transferable, and the United States had a genuine need for doctors after World War II drew 55 000 physicians into the military, refugee physicians' success can be attributed to the courageous physician leaders who lobbied on their behalf and the creation of the National Committee for the Resettlement of Foreign Physicians-an organization that helped immigrant physicians pass licensing examinations, identify locations for employment, and overcome barriers to integration into American society.

Success or failure? Pathologists persecuted under National Socialism and their careers after emigrating to the United States.

This study examines the biographies of pathologists persecuted by the National Socialists after their emigration from the German Reich to the USA. The work is based on primary sources from various archives and a systematic evaluation of secondary literature on the persons concerned. The study yields five central results: (1) Out of 118 identified persecuted pathologists, a total of 91 persons left the German Reich, 60 of them demonstrably to the USA. (2) The majority of the pathologists immigrated to the USA between 1938 and 1941. (3) A good two thirds of the pathologists were (again) employed in the USA as university teachers, the majority in the leading position of Full Professor. (4) The preferred area of employment was the East Coast of the USA. (5) The labor market situation was particularly favorable for specialized pathologists. It can be concluded that the majority of the emigrated pathologists studied succeeded in continuing or even expanding their professional careers in the USA, with existing academic networks playing a noticeable role. Pathology thus occupies a special position in the context of the migration history of persecuted physicians under National Socialism.

Haven or Limbo? Neuroscientist Refugees From National Socialism Escape to Illinois.

At least 9 neuroscientists immigrated from Nazi Europe to Illinois to escape tyranny and attempt to re-establish their careers. Some work has been published in print on eponymous neuroscientist Adolf Wallenberg, as well as 2 others but not on Ernst Haase, Frederick Hiller, Erich Liebert, Bruno Volk, Heinz (Henry) von Witzleben, or Gerhard Pisk. Before leaving Germany or Austria, these downtrodden specialists were dismissed from long-held posts sometimes for trumped-up charges, stripped of their financial security, and forced to leave relatives behind. At least 1 left only for personal and political, but not because of racial, reasons. Illinois, in exemplary fashion, welcomed these unfortunate survivors more than many other states because of limited licensing requirements, numerous opportunities at state hospitals, and special internship programs. Some of them successfully continued their research agendas and published, taught neurology students and trainees, and added to the expansion of neurologic care in Illinois or elsewhere, but most of them took years to reacquire the academic rank they lost and never regained their career momentum. These refugees survived and passed on some of their extensive training and expertise to a new generation of neuroscientists in America, but not without significant cost.

Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Cohort of 15,921 Refugees (1926-1940) in the Region of Imathia, Northern Greece.

This historical epidemiological study evaluates sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among Greek refugees during the Interwar period in the region of Imathia, Central Macedonia, Greece, as a part of the effort against sexually transmitted infections in Greece (1910-1940). We examined the archives of the Refugee Hospital of Veroia - the capital of the regional unit of Imathia (March 5, 1926 to October 27, 1940). This is a report of previously unpublished primary material comprising a cohort of 15,921 cases, among whom 41 patients were hospitalized on account of syphilis and 19 on account of gonococcal infection. Descriptive statistics were estimated. Primary (n=4), secondary (n=2), tertiary (n=13), congenital (n=7), and not further specified (n=15) cases of syphilis were identified, whereas a variety of differential diagnosis problems arose. Syphilis and gonococcal infection/gonorrhea seemed to affect various social groups, as evidenced by the variety of professions involved. Refugee patients originated from various areas such as Caucasus, Thrace, Constantinople, Bithynia, and Pontus. Lack of information and poor healthcare led to spreading of STIs in Greece. Law 3032/1922 was crucial for the Greek effort against sexually transmitted infections.

Entre los campos y los hospitales ayuda médica humanitaria a los refugiados republicanos españoles en Francia (1939-1950) / No disponible

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La asistencia médica a los refugiados en Francia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial la Clínica de Marsella (1941-1945) / No disponible

La población refugiada, tanto los exilados republicanos españoles como los fugitivos del nazismo de toda Europa, concentrada en el sur de Francia a partir sobre todo de 1939, planteó una crisis humanitaria con ingentes demandas médico-sociales. A partir de junio de 1940, Marsella y sus alrededores se convirtieron en la última esperanza para decenas de miles de ellos, la mayoría sumidos en una situación de extrema necesidad, así como para los franceses desplazados de Alsacia, Lorena y las zonas de guerra a resultas de la invasión alemana. A mediados de marzo de 1941, el Unitarian Service Committee (USC) -agencia humanitaria creada en 1940 por la iglesia unitaria norteamericana con el fin de ayudar a las personas perseguidas en Europa por motivos de raza, religión o ideología- promovió, junto a la Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) -*organización judía de ayuda a la infancia-, el establecimiento en Marsella de un dispensario médico-social que, de una u otra forma, logró mantenerse operativo desde julio de 1941 hasta el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Su misión era atender a miles de refugiados sin recursos, incluidos los republicanos españoles, que intentaban huir de Francia a través de su puerto. Esa primera experiencia humanitaria del USC en el campo de la medicina priorizó las acciones de asistencia y prevención sanitaria a las personas recluidas en los campos de internamiento. Su popularidad hizo que en Francia pronto se identificara al USC con la ayuda sanitaria a los refugiados y obtuviera el reconocimiento de las demás organizaciones de socorro, incluida la Cruz Roja Internacional. En este artículo se analiza, a partir sobre todo de la documentación del USC preservada en la Andover-Harvard Theological Library(Cambridge, MA), el modelo organizativo y la labor asistencial, muy exigente para los escasos recursos disponibles, que caracterizó a la popularmente conocida como «Clínica de Marsella» del USC durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial

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Las secuelas patológicas de los campos de concentración entre los refugiados españoles en Francia retos diagnósticos y terapéuticos en el Hospital Varsovia de Toulouse (1944-1950) / No disponible

A partir de la primavera de 1945, el Hospital Varsovia de Toulouse dispensó asistencia médica a miles de refugiados republicanos españoles que permanecían exiliados en el sur de Francia. Este hospital había sido fundado en el otoño de 1944 en las afueras de Toulouse tras la invasión del Valle de Arán en el marco de la llamada Operación Reconquista de España. Revisando los numerosos casos clínicos que aparecen en las páginas de la revista Anales del Hospital Varsovia (1948-1950), se advierte que muchos pacientes presentaban enfermedades contraídas en los campos de concentración a causa de las pésimas condiciones de vida en un régimen de confinamiento. En su práctica asistencial, los médicos observaban cuadros clínicos insidiosos, de difícil diagnóstico, que tras sucesivas pruebas clínicas y de laboratorio revelaban enfermedades carenciales larvadas (debidas a la malnutrición), infecciones crónicas ocultas (tuberculosis y parasitosis intestinales) y enfermedades de transmisión sexual

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La ayuda humanitaria de los British Quakers durante la Guerra Civil española (1936-1939): el caso del Hospital Infantil de Polop de la Marina (Alicante) / Humanitarian aid from the British Quakers during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939): the case of the Children's Hospital of Polop de la Marina (Alicante)

Debido a su condición geoestratégica de retaguardia durante la Guerra Civil española, el País Valenciano se convirtió en una de las zonas republicanas que acogieron mayor número de refugiados, entre ellos muchos niños. El Estado republicano se mostró del todo incapaz de afrontar los retos derivados de esta crisis demográfica y sanitaria e hizo un llamamiento en busca de ayuda. Una de las primeras agencias humanitarias transnacionales en responder fue la Religious Society of Friends del Reino Unido, más conocidos como el Friends Service Committee o simplemente los Quakers, una comunidad religiosa disidente fundada en Inglaterra en el siglo XVII. Durante la Guerra Civil, los cuáqueros impulsaron numerosas iniciativas de carácter humanitario en los dos bandos enfrentados, habilitando colonias agrícolas, talleres, cantinas y hospitales. Este trabajo analiza en profundidad el hospital infantil que los Quakers habilitaron en Alicante en septiembre de 1937 y que posteriormente fue trasladado al municipio de Polop de la Marina. Nos centraremos en aspectos tales como la ubicación y administración del centro sanitario, el tipo de pacientes que allí se atendieron, el personal sanitario que allí trabajó, la evolución del hospital a lo largo de la guerra y su recorrido tras la victoria franquista, así como la motivación que impulsó a los voluntarios británicos a promover ese proyecto y a llevarlo a cabo. Asimismo, reconstruiremos la figura y la trayectoria de Manuel Blanc Rodríguez (1899-1971), un pediatra desconocido por la historiografía, que asumió la dirección de ese hospital británico

During the Spanish Civil War, the Valencian Country became one of the republican zones receiving greater number of refugees, due to its rearguard geostrategic condition. Among them there were many children. The Republican State was totally unable to face the challenges of this demographic and health crisis and appealed for help. The British Religious Society of Friends (also known as the Friends Service Committee or Quakers) was one of the first transnational humanitarian agencies to respond. They are a dissident religious community founded in England in the 17th century. During the Spanish Civil War, the Quakers encouraged many humanitarian initiatives on both sides in conflict, as agricultural colonies, workshops, canteens and hospitals. This paper analyzes in depth the children's hospital that the Quakers enabled in Alicante in September 1937, later transferred to the village of Polop de la Marina. We will focus on aspects such as the location and administration of the health center, the type of patients that were attended, the health personnel who worked, the evolution of the hospital throughout the war and what happened to it after the Francoist victory. We will also stress the motivation of the British volunteers to promote and carry out this project. Finally, we will reconstruct the career of Manuel Blanc Rodríguez (1899-1971), the pediatrician who assumed the management of that British hospital. His figure remains unknown by the historiographys

La situación sociosanitaria de los refugiados civiles españoles en Francia, marzo-junio de 1939 / The socio-health reality of Spanish civil refugees in France, March-June 1939

El artículo intenta aproximarse a la realidad sociosanitaria de más de 210 mil refugiados civiles que cruzaron la frontera pirenaica en el invierno de 1939. Este colectivo estuvo constituido principalmente por mujeres, niños y ancianos. A su llegada a Francia, la población civil fue reconducida hacía más de 1.500 centros de alojamiento. Nos encontramos ante espacios que se diferenciaron de los campos de concentración en lo que respecta a libertad y trato humano. Hemos podido acercarnos a esta realidad gracias a los informes emitidos por las delegadas de la Commission d'Aide aux Enfants Espagnols Refugies en France entre marzo y junio de 1939

The aim of this paper consist in approaching the socio-health reality of more than 210,000 civilian refugees who crossed the Pyrenean border during the winter of 1939. This group mainly comprised women, children, and the elderly. Upon arrival in France, these civilians were redirected to more than 1,500 housing centers, which differed from concentration camps in terms of freedom and human treatment. We have been able to know details about their experience thanks to reports by the delegates of the Commission d'Aide aux Enfants Espagnols Refugies en France between March and June 1939

The Saint George Quarantine Station of Piraeus, Greece (1865-1947)

For centuries, the marine quarantine system was the major protection of the public health against serious infectious diseases around the world. The present study reconstructs the history of the Quarantine Station of Piraeus, one of the largest Mediterranean ports, known as the "Lazaretto of Saint George", as a vital element in the maritime sanitary protection of Greece. Our research will investigate the impact left by this institution on public health, as well as on the economic life of the port of Piraeus and the adjacent capital city of Athens. With regard to the first issue, we will seek to evaluate its role in relation to major outbreaks in the capital, as well as the arrival of 1.3 million Greek refugees after the Greco-Turkish War of 1922. The opening of Suez Canal (1865) was a great challenge and the institution was problematic at administrative and sanitary levels. During 20th century, the station complied with the national public health legislation and the international sanitary conventions. Until the Second World War, the Lazaretto of Saint George played a key role in both the protection of public health in general, but also in the economic and industrial progress of Piraeus and Athens.

From Syrian Refugee to Dishwasher to Heart Doctor: The Inspirational Story of Hero and Humanitarian Dr. Heval Kelli.

It has been said that those with the least are often the ones with the most to give. This proved to be true for a Syrian refugee turned cardiologist who provides care in communities that are poor and underserved including refugees, immigrants, minorities, those of low socioeconomic status, and other vulnerable populations. Dr. Heval Kelli is the epitome of a kind-hearted, humble, genuine hero, through his dedication to serving humanity. Between providing health care to those in need, educating future generations of doctors, mentoring high school students, and advocating for the less fortunate, his life is truly his message to the world.

"Heal Thyself."­An Argument for Granting Asylum to Healthcare Workers Persecuted During the 2014 West African Ebola Crisis.

This article argues for a change in United States asylum policy at a time when change is needed most. Those seeking asylum must prove that they fear persecution in their home country based on one of five protected categories and that their government is the persecutor or is unable to control the actions of the persecutors. Multiple articles have recognized that the "particular social group" is the most difficult category of asylum seeker to analyze. Not only do the standards for particular social groups (PSGs) vary among circuit courts, but judicial consistency is lacking. This article focuses on a particular PSG, healthcare workers from recently Ebola-stricken West Africa. During the 2014 Ebola crisis, these healthcare workers faced discrimination and violence due to their association with western medicine. Hospitals were frequently threatened and ransacked. Multiple accounts of violence against local and international healthcare workers were recorded by Doctors Against Borders, the Centers for Disease Control, and the international media. However, because of the inconsistencies in asylum law and the ever-present political influence in what originates as a humanitarian process, it is unlikely for these PSGs to be found asylum-eligible. This highlights the need for a more consistent and humanitarian-based asylum policy with less political influence.

A Brief Introduction to Mass Migration: Then and Now.

To provide a context, this introduction presents a bird's-eye view of migration history, of some differences between voluntary and forced motivation for leaving home territories, and the significance of large group relocations.(mass migrations). The challenges of adjustment and acculturation as well as the interactional effects on migrants and host populations, including mental health issues and facilities, are considered.